Modular Arithmetic
教育
$60.00
A calculator for arithmetic modulo N. It lets you choose a fixed modulus, and then make lots of calculations without having to press a "mod" button again and again. It also:
- follows the order convention;
- supports arbitrarily large numbers;
- performs fast modular division and exponentiation;
- can show a full transcript of your calculation.
Modular arithmetic is a "calculus of remainders". It features throughout mathematics and computer science, and has applications from cryptography to barcodes to music.
The basic idea is that you choose a modulus N, and then reduce every number to one of the integers 0,1,2,...,N−1 according to what remainder it leaves when dividing by N.
For example, using a modulus of 17:
40 ≡ 6 (since 40 ÷ 17 leaves a remainder of 6);
17 ≡ 0 (since 17 ÷ 17 leaves no remainder at all).
Arithmetic follows these same rules. Still using a modulus of 17:
15 + 7 ≡ 5 (since 22 ≡ 5);
3 × 9 ≡ 10 (since 27 ≡ 10);
5 ^ 3 ≡ 6 (since 125 ≡ 6).
Subtraction and division behave in a way that complements addition and multiplication:
−1 ≡ 16 (since 16 + 1 = 17 ≡ 0);
1/2 ≡ 9 (since 9 × 2 = 18 ≡ 1);
4 - 7 ≡ 14 (since 14 + 7 = 21 ≡ 4);
7 ÷ 3 = 8 (since 8 × 3 = 24 ≡ 7).
There are no negative numbers or fractions: like −1 and 7 ÷ 3 in the examples above, these are also reduced to one of 0,1,...,N−1.
As usual, you cannot divide by zero. You also cannot divide if the right hand side has any common factors with the modulus. If we change our modulus to 10, then the following operations all generate errors:
3 ÷ 20 (since 20 ≡ 0);
7 ÷ 8 (since 8 and 10 have a common factor of 2).
Integers can be arbitrarily large. For instance, if we set our modulus to 2305843009213693951 (a Mersenne prime), then:
5 ^ 2305843009213693950 ≡ 1 (by Fermat's little theorem).
The code is written carefully, and is backed up by a thorough suite of 186 automated tests.
This app supports external keyboards, Siri Shortcuts, and (on iPad) Slide Over, Split View, and multiple windows.
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Added dark and tinted icons for iOS 18.
開發者Benjamin Burton指出App的隱私權實務可能包含下方描述的資料處理。如需更多資訊，請參閱 開發者的隱私權政策 。
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資訊
- 供應商
- Benjamin Burton
- 大小
- 2.2 MB
- 類別
- 教育
- 相容性
需要 iOS 12.0 或以上版本。
- iPhone
需要 iOS 12.0 或以上版本。 - iPad
需要 iPadOS 12.0 或以上版本。 - iPod touch
需要 iOS 12.0 或以上版本。 - Mac
需要 macOS 10.15 或以上版本。 - Apple Vision
需要 visionOS 1.0 或以上版本。
- 語言
- 英文
- 年齡分級
4+
- 4+
- 版權
- © 2013–2024 Benjamin Burton
